Living in Downtown Brooklyn | A Guide

January 10, 2026

Picture this: stepping out your door to Brooklyn Heights Promenade views, hip eateries buzzing, and the Manhattan skyline just a quick subway ride away. Downtown Brooklyn's electric vibe blends historic charm with modern buzz-perfect for urban dreamers.

Whether you're eyeing rentals amid hot trends, weighing costs, or scouting top schools, this guide breaks it down: housing hacks, commutes, amenities, safety, and settling in seamlessly. Ready to call it home?

Neighborhood Overview

Downtown Brooklyn blends historic brownstones with gleaming skyscrapers, covering 0.8 square miles from Brooklyn Bridge to Barclays Center. According to NYC.gov, its boundaries stretch along Flatbush Avenue to the south, Cadman Plaza West to the east, and Old Fulton Street to the north. This compact area offers urban living NYC with easy access to Manhattan views and waterfront spots.

Quick next steps: If you’re comparing neighborhoods, also read Living in Upper East Side | A Guide and Living in Riverdale | A Guide. And before you sign anything, check your building’s BHX Score for recent heat/hot water, pests, noise, safety and violations in the last 30/90 days, 1 year or 3 years. If you’re lining up logistics, see moving companies in Downtown Brooklyn.

Living in Downtown Brooklyn means enjoying a mix of Brooklyn lifestyle elements, from walkable streets to subway access via 2/3 trains, 4/5 trains, and R train at Jay Street station. Young professionals and families alike appreciate the blend of residential towers and cultural hubs. The neighborhood connects seamlessly to nearby Brooklyn Heights and DUMBO for added exploration.

Key draws include Barclays Center for events and Fulton Mall for shopping, making navigation simple. Transitioning from history to modern landmarks reveals why this spot thrives as a Brooklyn guide essential. Residents value the high walk score and bike-friendly paths with Citi Bike stations nearby.

For those considering Brooklyn apartments or buying property Downtown Brooklyn, the area balances cost of living Brooklyn with vibrant amenities. Explore its past for unique value, then use landmarks for everyday orientation in this dynamic NYC neighborhood guide.

History and Vibe

Once NYC's first suburb during the Civil War era, Downtown Brooklyn now buzzes with residents enjoying skyline views rivaling Manhattan. The Brooklyn Historical Society notes key milestones, starting with the 1814 Brooklyn Navy Yard establishment that fueled early growth. This site drew workers and shaped the area's industrial roots.

By the 1860s, it served as a Civil War hospital hub, treating thousands amid national turmoil. Historic brownstones in nearby Brooklyn Heights echo this period's architecture. These layers add depth to the neighborhood's character today.

The 2000s tech boom transformed it further, attracting startups and modern developments like Pacific Park. Now, the vibe feels like Wall Street meets waterfront playground, with a strong walk score supporting daily strolls. Coffee shops in DUMBO and bars near Barclays Center enhance the energy.

Families and young professionals find a welcoming Brooklyn lifestyle here, from parks near Downtown Brooklyn like Brooklyn Bridge Park to community events. The blend of history and innovation makes living in Downtown Brooklyn appealing for those seeking urban living NYC with cultural diversity.

Key Boundaries and Landmarks

Bounded by Flatbush Ave, Cadman Plaza, and Old Fulton St, Downtown Brooklyn features 15+ major landmarks including the world-famous Brooklyn Bridge. These spots aid navigation for newcomers in this NYC neighborhood guide. Use them as reference points for Brooklyn apartments or daily commutes.

Standout landmarks include:

Brooklyn Bridge (0.3mi), ideal for photo spots with Manhattan views.
Barclays Center (0.5mi), home to Nets games and concerts.
Fulton Mall (0.2mi), a shopping hub with Target Brooklyn and Apple Store.
DeKalb Market Hall for food hall Brooklyn options.
City Hall station for 4/5 trains access.
High Street station on the A/C lines.
Jay Street station for R train and subway access Brooklyn.
Brooklyn Bridge Park at Pier 1, with Jane's Carousel for family attractions.

Photo spots shine at sunset on the Brooklyn Heights Promenade for skyline Manhattan captures, popular with influencers on Brooklyn living. Walk to DUMBO for street art Brooklyn and waterfront views. These Instagram-famous views highlight the area's charm.

For practical use, landmarks like Atlantic Terminal offer LIRR and East River Ferry connections, easing Brooklyn commute. Safety in Downtown Brooklyn supports evening walks, with gyms Brooklyn and yoga studios DUMBO nearby. This setup makes the neighborhood a top choice in any Brooklyn guide.

Finding Housing

From $2,100 studios to $8M penthouses, Downtown Brooklyn offers NYC's best price-to-view ratio just 10 minutes from Manhattan. This neighborhood blends urban living NYC with waterfront views and easy subway access via 2/3 trains, 4/5 trains, and R train at Jay Street station. StreetEasy Q4 2023 data shows a vibrant market with median rents at $3,600 and condos averaging $1,450 per square foot.

Families and young professionals Brooklyn find options near Barclays Center and Fulton Mall. Residential towers like 11 Hoyt provide luxury, while co-ops offer value. Proximity to Brooklyn Bridge Park and DeKalb Market Hall adds appeal for daily life.

Search for Brooklyn apartments using StreetEasy filters for commute times to High Street station or City Hall station. Set Zillow alerts for new listings in Brooklyn Heights or DUMBO borders. Experts recommend touring during weekdays to avoid crowds and check walk score Brooklyn for daily errands.

Consider pet friendly Brooklyn buildings with dog parks near Pier 1. Budget for utilities like Verizon Fios Brooklyn alongside rent. This balance makes living in Downtown Brooklyn attractive for various lifestyles.

Rental Market Trends

Median 1-bedroom rents hit $3,800/month (StreetEasy Q4 2023), up 8% YoY but 25% below Manhattan equivalents. Rental prices Brooklyn suit young professionals Brooklyn seeking nightlife Downtown Brooklyn and restaurants Downtown Brooklyn. Studios start at affordable entry points for those new to the area.

Apartment Size	Price Range (Monthly)
Studio	$2,100-$2,900
1BR	$3,200-$4,500
2BR	$4,500-$6,200

Use StreetEasy filters for buildings with gyms Brooklyn or yoga studios nearby. Set Zillow alerts for drops near Trader Joe's Brooklyn or Key Food supermarkets Downtown Brooklyn. Best buildings include 11 Hoyt for luxury finishes and Toren for value with Manhattan views.

Prepare an application checklist: meet the 40x rent rule, gather pay stubs, and explore guarantor options for recent grads. Visit during evenings to gauge street food Brooklyn vibes near Fulton Street. This strategy speeds up securing spots in high-demand cost of living Brooklyn.

Buying Property Options

Property values rose 12% in 2023 (per Elliman Report) with condos averaging $1,450/sq ft vs Manhattan's $2,100. Buying property Downtown Brooklyn appeals to investors eyeing Brooklyn commute perks like walking to Manhattan or LIRR at Atlantic Terminal. Options range from historic lofts to new developments.

Property Type	Price Range
Condos	$1.2M-$5M
Co-ops	$800K-$2M
Lofts	$1.5M+

ROI factors include 5.2% appreciation plus 3% rental yield from short-term lets near Barclays Center. Featured spots like One Pierrepont Plaza offer promenade views, while 550 Vanderbilt provides modern builds in Pacific Park. Plan for 20% down on mortgages, typical for NYC.

Compare luxury condos Brooklyn with co-ops Downtown Brooklyn for board approvals. Factor in parking in Downtown Brooklyn or Citi Bike stations for bike friendly Brooklyn. Long-term, proximity to jobs Downtown Brooklyn in tech and healthcare boosts value.

Cost of Living Breakdown

Monthly costs for a single professional living in Downtown Brooklyn average $5,200, compared to Manhattan's $6,800 based on Numbeo 2024 data. This makes Downtown Brooklyn a more affordable option for urban living NYC. Many young professionals choose it for the balance of costs and proximity to jobs.

Key expenses include rent for a one-bedroom apartment around $3,800 in areas like Brooklyn Heights or near Fulton Mall. Utilities run about $180, covering electricity, water, and basic internet like Verizon Fios. Groceries at spots like Trader Joe's Brooklyn or Key Food total roughly $450 monthly.

Transportation costs $132 with easy subway access Brooklyn via 2/3 trains, 4/5 trains, or R train at Jay Street station. Dining out near Barclays Center or DeKalb Market Hall adds $400, while a gym membership is $50 at local yoga studios DUMBO. These figures help budget for Brooklyn lifestyle.

Expense Category	Monthly Cost
Rent (1-bedroom)	$3,800
Utilities	$180
Groceries	$450
Transport	$132
Dining Out	$400
Gym	$50

This adds up to an annual total of $62,400 for comfortable living. Compare to Williamsburg, which runs 15% higher due to trendy nightlife Downtown Brooklyn. Manhattan sits 23% lower in some categories, but lacks the waterfront views of Brooklyn Bridge Park.

Neighborhood	Vs. Downtown Brooklyn
Williamsburg	+15%
Manhattan	-23%

A pro tip for roommates: use Splitwise to track shared costs on rent and groceries. This app simplifies splits for Brooklyn apartments in residential towers. It keeps finances clear amid rising rental prices Brooklyn.

Transportation and Commute

Downtown Brooklyn offers 99% transit coverage with a 12-minute Manhattan commute that beats 90% of NYC neighborhoods. Residents enjoy easy access to work, shopping, and leisure without relying on a car. This setup supports urban living NYC for young professionals and families alike.

Subway and bus options connect to key spots like Barclays Center and Brooklyn Bridge. Walking and biking add flexibility for daily errands in this walkable Brooklyn neighborhood. Public transit keeps commutes short even during peak hours.

Proximity to the LIRR at Atlantic Terminal aids longer trips, such as to JFK. Many choose this area for its Brooklyn commute advantages over other boroughs. Expect smooth travel to Manhattan views or waterfront parks.

Ferries from nearby DUMBO stops provide scenic routes along the East River. This mix suits Brooklyn lifestyle needs, from family living Brooklyn to nightlife Downtown Brooklyn. Plan routes to maximize time for local amenities like DeKalb Market Hall.

Subway and Bus Access

8 subway lines serve 4 stations including Jay St, High St, Borough Hall, and Hoyt-Schermerhorn, plus LIRR options. These hubs link Downtown Brooklyn to the rest of NYC efficiently. Riders access 2/3 trains, 4/5 trains, and R train daily.

Commute times include 12 minutes to Wall Street, 22 minutes to Times Square, and 45 minutes to JFK via LIRR. Fares run at $2.90 per ride or $132 for an unlimited pass. Use the Citymapper app for real-time ETAs and planning.

Avoid peaks by taking the 9:30am 2-train for less crowding. Stations like City Hall station and High Street station offer quick transfers. Buses supplement for short hops to Fulton Mall or Trader Joe's Brooklyn.

This subway access Brooklyn draws commuters working in finance jobs nearby or tech jobs Brooklyn. East River Ferry from Dumbo adds variety. Reliable service enhances living in Downtown Brooklyn for daily routines.

Walking and Biking

Downtown Brooklyn earns a Walk Score 97/100, with 250+ Citi Bike docks and 5 miles of protected bike lanes to Manhattan Bridge. Pedestrians reach nearby gems effortlessly. This promotes a bike friendly Brooklyn vibe.

Destination	Walk Time
DUMBO	8 min
Brooklyn Heights Promenade	6 min
Fulton Mall	3 min

Citi Bike annual passes cost $205 for unlimited 45-minute rides. Best routes include Pier 1 to Brooklyn Bridge with photo stops for skyline Manhattan views. Bike lanes feature signalized intersections for safety.

Walk to Brooklyn Bridge Park or Jane's Carousel for waterfront views. Citi Bike stations dot the area near Key Food and gyms Brooklyn. These options fit walkability Downtown Brooklyn for errands or exercise.

Young professionals Brooklyn favor biking to work, avoiding subway crowds. Families enjoy paths to Fort Greene Park nearby. Protected lanes support sustainable choices in this NYC neighborhood guide.

Daily Amenities and Lifestyle

Downtown Brooklyn offers 24/7 convenience with over 200 restaurants, 15 grocery stores, and a 500-acre park system within a 15-minute walk. Residents enjoy easy access to essentials for urban living in NYC. This setup supports both young professionals in Brooklyn and family living in Brooklyn.

Shop at nearby supermarkets like Trader Joe's Brooklyn or grab household items from Target. Dining ranges from street food in Brooklyn to fine dining options near Barclays Center. Delivery services cover the area quickly for busy schedules.

For wellness, Brooklyn Bridge Park provides waterfront views and free activities. Walk to gyms in Brooklyn or yoga studios in DUMBO from your Brooklyn apartment. This blend of amenities fits the Brooklyn lifestyle perfectly.

Public transit like the 2/3 trains and R train at Jay Street station keeps commutes simple. Bike-friendly paths and Citi Bike stations add to the walkability of Downtown Brooklyn. Daily life here balances convenience with relaxation.

Grocery Stores and Dining

Trader Joe's at Dekalb Marketplace, Key Food, and Target all sit within 0.5 miles, plus over 50 dining options for daily needs in Downtown Brooklyn. These spots make budget planning straightforward for residents. Stock up on organic produce or household goods without long trips.

Store	Distance	Highlights
Trader Joe's	0.3 miles	Organic options, affordable staples
Target	0.4 miles	Household essentials, groceries
Key Food	0.2 miles	Local produce, everyday items

Dining highlights include Junior's Cheesecake for iconic desserts, Time Out Market with 40 vendors, and historic Gage & Tollner for special meals. Explore restaurants in Downtown Brooklyn near Fulton Mall. Many spots offer outdoor seating with Manhattan views.

Uber Eats delivers in a 15-minute radius, ideal for late nights after Nets games at Barclays Center. Plan meals around DeKalb Market Hall's food hall in Brooklyn. This access supports cost-effective eating in this NYC neighborhood guide.

Parks and Recreation

Brooklyn Bridge Park's 85 acres offers kayaking, yoga, and Manhattan sunset views just steps from downtown. This waterfront access boosts wellness for those living in Downtown Brooklyn. Free events draw crowds year-round.

Park/Area	Features	Best For
Brooklyn Bridge Park (Piers 1-6)	Free entry, paths, lawns	Daily walks, relaxation
Pier 1 Uptown	Sports courts, fields	Athletic activities
Jane's Carousel	Restored merry-go-round	Kids activities in Brooklyn

Check the activities calendar for free yoga on Tuesdays or kayaking at $0 to $30 per session. Join community runs or picnic near the promenade in Brooklyn Heights. These options promote fitness amid urban living NYC.

With waterfront paths and nearby Fort Greene Park, recreation fits all ages. Pet-friendly spots include dog parks in DUMBO. Embrace the four seasons in NYC with summer swims and winter strolls under sunny skies.

Safety and Community

The crime rate in Downtown Brooklyn is 40% below the NYC average according to NYPD 2023 data, with active community boards and 85% resident satisfaction. This makes it a welcoming spot for young professionals and families alike. Neighborhood watches and regular patrols contribute to the secure feel.

Crime categories show notable declines compared to citywide figures. Violent crime dropped 55%, while property crime fell 30%. These trends reflect ongoing efforts by the NYPD 78th Precinct, which serves the area.

Crime Category	Decline
Violent Crime	55%
Property Crime	30%

Community spirit shines through events like Brooklyn Pride and bustling DeKalb Market gatherings. With 40% foreign-born residents, cultural diversity enriches daily life. Join the Downtown Brooklyn Partnership or Nextdoor groups to connect with neighbors and stay informed on local happenings.

Residents enjoy walkability and proximity to Brooklyn Heights and DUMBO. Safety supports urban living in NYC, from family outings at Brooklyn Bridge Park to evening strolls along Fulton Mall. Active participation fosters a tight-knit vibe amid high-rises and historic spots.

NYPD 78th Precinct Overview

The NYPD 78th Precinct covers Downtown Brooklyn and works closely with locals on safety initiatives. Officers host town halls and community policing events. This partnership helps address concerns quickly and effectively.

Precinct stats highlight improvements in response times and crime reduction. Focus areas include high-traffic zones near Barclays Center and Jay Street station. Residents report feeling safer during nightlife at nearby bars and DeKalb Market Hall.

To get involved, attend precinct council meetings or sign up for alerts. Subway access via 2/3, 4/5, and R trains keeps the area connected yet patrolled. This setup suits Brooklyn lifestyle for commuters and families.

Practical tips include using well-lit paths to High Street station and reporting issues via apps. The precinct's efforts align with walk score Brooklyn strengths, promoting confidence in daily routines from coffee shops in DUMBO to supermarkets like Trader Joe's.

Engaging with the Community

Join Downtown Brooklyn Partnership for newsletters on events and advocacy. Nextdoor groups offer tips on everything from parking in Downtown Brooklyn to pet-friendly spots. These platforms build real connections among diverse residents.

Participate in community events like DeKalb Market pop-ups or seasonal festivals. Foreign-born communities host cultural celebrations that highlight immigrant influences. It's easy to find your niche, whether through arts in DUMBO or family activities near Pier 1.

Sign up for Nextdoor to share local news and recommendations.
Attend Brooklyn Pride for vibrant parades and gatherings.
Explore DeKalb Market events for food and music.
Connect via Partnership workshops on neighborhood improvements.

This engagement enhances safety in Downtown Brooklyn and enriches living there. From yoga studios to dog parks in DUMBO, the sense of belonging stands out in this NYC neighborhood guide.

Education and Schools

PS 307 earns a GreatSchools 8/10 rating for its elementary program, and three universities sit within 1 mile, plus easy MetroCard access to top high schools makes Downtown Brooklyn a strong choice for families.

Families appreciate the mix of zoned public schools and charter options nearby. Walking distance to PS 11 adds convenience for young kids. This setup supports family living in Downtown Brooklyn.

High school choices expand with quick subway rides on the 2/3 trains or R train from Jay Street station. A typical commute reaches spots like Brooklyn Tech in about 20 minutes. Parents often map these routes using public transit apps for planning.

Private options include Ideabooks preschool for early education. Universities like LIU Brooklyn offer college paths right in the neighborhood. This blend fits urban living NYC for young professionals and families alike.

Elementary and Local Schools

School	Grades	Key Notes
PS 307	K-5	GreatSchools 8/10, zoned for Downtown Brooklyn
PS 11	K-5	Walking distance from many residential towers

PS 307 serves as a zoned elementary standout with focused programs. Parents walk kids from Brooklyn apartments near Fulton Mall. It builds a solid base for Brooklyn lifestyle.

PS 11 offers easy access on foot from areas like Brooklyn Heights. Families value small class sizes and community events. These schools support daily routines amid subway access Brooklyn.

Higher Education Nearby

LIU Brooklyn provides undergrad and grad programs in health and business.
St. Francis College offers undergraduate degrees with a focus on liberal arts.
Polytechnic University, part of NYU, specializes in engineering close by.

These universities near Brooklyn attract students living in lofts or luxury condos. Easy walks from City Hall station make classes convenient. Commuters use the R train for quick trips.

Families with older kids benefit from open houses and campus tours. Programs align with tech jobs Brooklyn and finance roles nearby. This proximity enhances the NYC neighborhood guide appeal.

High School Commutes and Private Options

Top high schools like Brooklyn Tech lie about 20 minutes away via 4/5 trains from Jay Street. Families plot commutes on apps showing real-time subway paths. This access beats longer drives in traffic.

Charter schools provide alternatives to zoned assignments. Private preschools like Ideabooks cater to toddlers with play-based learning. Parents balance these with work near Barclays Center.

MetroCard eases trips to selective programs across Brooklyn. Walking to High Street station opens more choices. It fits family living Brooklyn with parks like Brooklyn Bridge Park nearby.

Moving In and Getting Settled

Complete a 2-week settling checklist from U-Haul booking to Fios internet activation when moving to Downtown Brooklyn. This keeps your transition smooth in this bustling NYC neighborhood. Focus on essentials first to avoid delays.

Start with transporting belongings using a local U-Haul rental around $200. Pack efficiently for the short trip to your Brooklyn apartment. Unload quickly near high-rises or lofts near Jay Street station.

Book a U-Haul truck for local moves, typically $200 including insurance and mileage.
Transfer your ConEd utilities account, expect a $150 deposit for electricity and gas setup.
Set up Verizon Fios 1Gbps internet at $70 per month for reliable speeds in urban living NYC.
Handle DMV vehicle registration if bringing a car, around $200 for Brooklyn plates and parking permits.
Get a Brooklyn Public Library card for free access to books, events, and study spaces downtown.

Your building may provide a welcome packet with CB2 community board meeting schedules and laundry apps like Rinse or Laundryheap. Budget about $1,200 for the first month covering deposits, movers, and basics. Settle into the Brooklyn lifestyle by exploring nearby Fulton Mall shops right away.

Utilities and Internet Setup

Switching utilities in Downtown Brooklyn starts with ConEd for power and gas. Contact them a week before move-in to transfer service and pay the deposit. This ensures lights on when you arrive at your new spot near Barclays Center.

For internet, Verizon Fios offers 1Gbps speeds at $70 monthly, perfect for remote work amid tech jobs Brooklyn. Schedule activation during your first week. Alternatives like Spectrum work but Fios dominates for reliability here.

Water and sewer are city-managed through the NYC DEP, billed via property taxes. Use apps to track usage. Experts recommend bundling services for simplicity in this walkable neighborhood.

Transportation and Parking

Register your vehicle at the DMV soon after arrival, costing about $200 for plates. Parking in Downtown Brooklyn challenges newcomers with street rules and garages near Atlantic Terminal. Consider Citi Bike stations for easy Brooklyn commute.

Subway access via 2/3 trains, 4/5, R train at Jay Street or High Street stations simplifies life. Many skip cars entirely for public transit Brooklyn and East River Ferry. Walking to Manhattan across Brooklyn Bridge is a daily option.

For trucks like U-Haul, reserve spots ahead near residential towers. Unpack fast to free up loading zones. This setup supports the urban living NYC pace.

Community Resources and First Steps

Pick up a free library card at the Brooklyn Public Library branch near Cadman Plaza. It unlocks local events and Wi-Fi spots. Attend CB2 meetings from your welcome packet to connect with neighbors in this diverse area.

Download laundry apps for pickup services, handy in high-density buildings. Stock up at Trader Joe's Brooklyn or Key Food supermarkets downtown. Join community events like those at DeKalb Market Hall for quick settling.

Budget that initial $1,200 wisely for deposits and incidentals. Explore Brooklyn Bridge Park nearby for a relaxing first outing. These steps build your foundation in living in Downtown Brooklyn.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is unique about living in Downtown Brooklyn according to 'Living in Downtown Brooklyn | A Guide'?

Living in Downtown Brooklyn offers a vibrant mix of urban energy and convenience, as detailed in 'Living in Downtown Brooklyn | A Guide'. It's a hub for young professionals with easy access to Manhattan via multiple subway lines, trendy eateries, cultural spots like BAM, and modern high-rises blending historic charm with luxury amenities.

How is the transportation situation for those living in Downtown Brooklyn per 'Living in Downtown Brooklyn | A Guide'?

'Living in Downtown Brooklyn | A Guide' highlights excellent connectivity with 10+ subway lines (2, 3, 4, 5, A, C, B, D, N, Q, R), ferries to Manhattan and Williamsburg, and bike-friendly streets, making commutes quick-often under 15 minutes to Midtown.

What are the housing options like in Downtown Brooklyn as per 'Living in Downtown Brooklyn | A Guide'?

According to 'Living in Downtown Brooklyn | A Guide', housing ranges from luxury condos in towers like 11 Hoyt and Brooklyn Point to more affordable rentals in converted lofts. Average rents for a one-bedroom are $3,500-$4,500, with sales prices around $1,200-$1,800 per sq ft, catering to various budgets.

Is Downtown Brooklyn family-friendly based on 'Living in Downtown Brooklyn | A Guide'?

'Living in Downtown Brooklyn | A Guide' notes it's increasingly family-oriented with parks like Pier 1 in nearby DUMBO, top-rated schools such as PS 307, and playgrounds, though it's more popular among young professionals due to its nightlife and pace.

What dining and entertainment can residents expect in Downtown Brooklyn from 'Living in Downtown Brooklyn | A Guide'?

'Living in Downtown Brooklyn | A Guide' praises the diverse food scene-from Michelin-starred Aska to street food at DeKalb Market-and entertainment like Barclays Center concerts, Alamo Drafthouse cinema, and rooftop bars, all within walking distance.

What are the costs and lifestyle perks of living in Downtown Brooklyn according to 'Living in Downtown Brooklyn | A Guide'?

As outlined in 'Living in Downtown Brooklyn | A Guide', expect higher costs (groceries 10-15% above NYC average, utilities ~$150/month), but perks include 24/7 convenience, rooftop pools in many buildings, proximity to green spaces like Brooklyn Bridge Park, and a safe, walkable neighborhood with low crime rates.